The Examination Of Jenny Enters The Clinic - 1655 Words

EXAMINATION The examination will begin as soon as Jenny enters the clinic. As Jenny walks into the clinic I will be observing several things. I will be looking to see if Jenny is guarding any region of her body, I will be observing her gait pattern, I will be looking for any braces or assisted devices and I will be looking to see if Jenny is in any kind of pain through facial expressions. The reason why I will be observing is because, if I can notice something about Jenny that seems a little concerning, I then can ask questions about it during the interview to gain further knowledge about the condition as to what’s wrong. Once Jenny was checked in and situated, I would begin the patient interview. During the interview, I would ask†¦show more content†¦I would ask that because this can tell me if Jenny’s problem is a chronic injury that has happened due to microtrauma or an acute injury that was macro trauma. I would ask Jenny about her previous medical history that included questions as to previous surgeries or fractures, I would also ask if Jenny has been pregnant recently. The reason I would want to know if Jenny has been pregnant is that pregnant women are more prone to carpal tunnel syndrome due to the swelling of tissue and compression of the median nerve in the carpal region, which are related to Jenny’s symptoms (Balik, 2014). Lastly, I would ask Jenny if she was or is a smoker, because it has been shown that smoking is a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome (Goodman, 2014). After interviewing Jenny I have now gained more knowledge about Jenny’s condition and have narrowed down the special test and measures that I want to do later in the examination. The next step in the examination would be a systems review. The purpose of the systems review is to gain more knowledge about the patients’ health and that new knowledge can help guide the plan of care in Jenny’s treatment (Fruth, 2014). There are five com ponents of the systems review that will be done. The first review will be of Jenny’s communication, affect, cognition, and learning style. This would have been done during the interview portion of the examination. The second review will be cardiopulmonary, this is where Jenny’s bloodShow MoreRelatedVeterinary Clinic Inedit Vet: Business Plan of Sole Ownership9091 Words   |  36 Pagesï » ¿ Business plan sole ownership Veterinary clinic Innedit Vet The clinic initially provided medical care and assistance for large farm animals. Name and location of the business The initial location of the clinic was in Pasadena rural area. The location was leased to Ms. Monica Swell, board-certified veterinary medic, specialized in large animals. Employees The clinic had 5 employees: two medical assistants, an accountant, a supply manager, and a janitor. The medical assistants providedRead MoreChapter 6 – Analyzing Business Markets23838 Words   |  96 PagesBradstreet d. aggregating the cost of poor performance to come up with an adjusted cost of purchase, including price (difficult) p. 112 e. using any of the above methods Essay Questions 71. Two sales associates, Diz Miller and Nestor Marlbrough, enter a room outside the purchasing agent’s office. The purchasing agent works for a fiberglass manufacturer. Miller has sold to the company several times in the past. He has stopped by to see if the purchasing agent needs to restock any of his company’sRead MoreYoung People Essay14812 Words   |  60 Pagescheck medication files to know if any young person is on medication. The policy also states Medical records of the child must be up to date and medical records and consent of giving medication must be done as quickly as possible when a new resident enters the building. The policy also outlines the legal requirements for the storage of medications. Particularly, controlled drugs e.g. Melatonin, Ritalin, Prozac, Concerta. Bullying policy appendix 9 Clayfields house has a prevention of bullyingRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesin training investment, on-the-job training, management development, prevention of skill obsolescence, and reductions in career plateauing. Practices for investing in improved retention and reduced turnover will be discussed, beginning with an examination of organizational cultures that emphasize interpersonal relationship values. 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The short and twisted stalks of third quality are taken back to the village for domestic use, such as laying crude twine and rope, and do not normally enter into commerce. The leaves are stripped from the graded stalks with a long field knife before drying. The three grades of stalks are separated and laid out in the sun in a single layer across the empty harvested field for 2-4 days until they are partiallyRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesgained from a product Answer: D Page Ref: 10 Objective: 3 Difficulty: Moderate 33) When Volvo runs ads suggesting that its cars are the safest that money can buy, it is trying to ________. 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Essay on Benefits of Horse Slaughter Industry - 1918 Words

The horse is a highly respected animal in United States culture. It has been worshipped and paid tribute to through art, books (Misty of Chincoteague, Black Stallion), movies (Black Beauty, Spirit), and television shows (Mr. Ed). nbsp;The horse industry is huge in the United States, encompassing everything from rodeos and racing to horses owned for purely pleasure. nbsp;There have been statues erected of famous racehorses, as well as museums devoted entirely to equines. nbsp;Horse culture is a huge part of American culture. The slaughter of horses for human consumption does not seem to fit into that culture. nbsp;However, despite initial reservations, many Americans may agree that the slaughter of horses is better than alternatives.†¦show more content†¦nbsp;Animal rights activists, as well as locals in the communities are trying to prevent both factories from operating (Scripps Howard News Service, 3/8/01). Recently, the Texas Humane Legislation Network has been leading the attack on the multimillion dollar companies, citing a law from 1949 that prohibits possession, sale or shipment of horse meat [intended] for human consumption (St. Petersburg Times, 9/4/02). nbsp;Both companies have filed lawsuits in retaliation. They state that the slaughter of horses eases financial strain, feeds other nations, and is accomplished in a humane manner. There are millions of horses in the United States; many of the horses are virtually worthless due to poor training/treatment, bad attitudes, poor confirmation, lameness, sickness, and also simply being old. nbsp;Slaughter companies provide an affordable way for horse owners to dispose of their unwanted animals. What do you do with the animal when it is diseased, or old, or lame? said Geert DeWulf, general manager of Dallas Crown... `We provide an outlet (Scripps Howard News Service, 3/8/01). The benefits are not only felt by horse owners in short supply of money; recently in Europe, the supply of meat from traditional sources, such as cattle, sheep and pigs has dwindled due to epidemics in the herds, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy nbsp;or mad cow disease, as well as hoof and mouth disease.Show MoreRelatedHorse Slaughter Is The Act Of Slaughtering Horses1959 Words   |  8 Pagesthe past five thousand years the horse has been of greater human interest for its strength than as a food source. However, American horses are still shipped over our borders and slaughtered for human consumption overseas. Horse slaughter and the export of horses from the United States should be banned because it is cruel and inhumane; furthermore, consuming American horse meat can be detrimental to human health. 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Study the meanings artworks within postmodernism Free Essays

I will in this essay write about a few postmodern graphicss, and how they represents postmodern art, and expression at what societal issues pushed postmodernism in the way it did, and besides compare postmodernism with modernism and expression at it ‘s antonyms and how they differ from each other. I would wish to get down by depicting an installing by an conceptual creative person Daniel Buren ( b.1939. We will write a custom essay sample on Study the meanings artworks within postmodernism or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) , entitled â€Å" On two degrees with two colourss † ( 1976 ) , which featured a vertically striped set at the floor degrees of two bordering gallery suites, one at a measure up from the other. Empty suites, nil else. A This installing is a good illustration of where modernism itself has arrived at through a relentless history of invention. ( presenting postmod. p.5 ) Another graphics for which Martin Creed won the Turner Prize in 2001 was an empty room, in which the electric visible radiations go on and off. This graphicss are pure conceptual art, where 1 might oppugn where is the art, what is the art? I guess graphicss like this or even Duchamps celebrated readymades of a urinal or his bike wheel mounted to a stool, tests our rational responces and tolerance of the plants that the art gallery can convey attending to the populace. I would state it does raise the inquiry what is art, yet it is non every bit gratifying as Rodin ‘s â€Å" Kiss † or the far more intricate abstract constructions of a sculpturer like Anthony Caro. ( postmodernism, a really shhort debut, page 2. ) Other graphicss within postmodernism might be that of Puritanism, naming into the inquiry and doing the audience experience guilty or disturbed, are attitudes which are typical of much postmodernist art, and they frequently have a political dimension. A What so is postmodern? What infinite does Cezanne dispute? The impressionists. What object do Picasso and Braque challenge? Cezanne ‘s. What presupposition does Duchamp interrupt with in 1912? The thought that 1 has to do a picture – even a cubist picture. And Buren examines another presupposition that he believes emerged integral from Duchamp ‘s work: the topographic point of the plants presentation. The postmodern explained to kids p 21 ) JeanA Francois Lyotard has used the term postmodernims to mention to three separate inclinations. A ) A tendency within architecture off from Modern Movement ‘s undertaking of a last rebuilding of the whole infinite occupied by humanity, B ) a decay of assurance in the thought of advancement and modernisation and C ) a recongnition that it is no longer allow to use the methaphor of the avant garde as if modern creative persons were soldiers contending on the boundary lines of cognition and the cisible prefiguring in their art some kind of corporate planetary hereafter. Art in modern civilization an anthology of critical texts, p 333. By the mid 1960s, critics like Susan Sontag and Ihab Hassan had begun to indicate out some of features of what we call postmodernism. They argued that the work of postmodernists was â€Å" intentionally less incorporate, less evidently ‘masterful ‘ , more playful or lawless, more concerned with the procedures of our understanding than with the pleasances of artistic coating and integrity, less inclined to keep a narrative together, than much of the art that had preceded it. † ( postmodernism, a really short debut, page 5. A Anyone can see that Renaissance portrayal and classical statuary are doneA with great accomplishment, A thereA is no inquiry of that. Some of the landscapes are breathtaking. The Gallic impressionists seem possibly non to be so careful about their drawing, but their tap of bright colour makes an expressed picture, astonishingA drama with coloring material and visible radiation. ClaudeA Monet’sA Haystack at Sunset Near Giverny, 1891, is a perfect illustration of how Monet moves off from realistA painting andA now depicts the lanscape in coloring material and bathed inA visible radiation. At this clip there were hope, dreams and glorification in the universe. A Extremist motions and tendencies regarded as influential and potentially as precursors to postmodernism emerged around World War I and peculiarly in its wake. With the debut of the usage of industrial artefacts in art and techniques such as montage, daring motions such as Cubism, Dada and Surrealism questioned the nature and value of art. A In february 1916 a little group of creative persons seeking safety from the war in Zurich opened the Cabaret Voltaire. This was the topographic point designed to give immature creative persons the chance to expose their work to the populace in a nightclub state of affairs. It became the first place of the anti-activities subsequently called dada.A It was Nihilistic, that is, it heldA that all traditional values and beliefs were baseless, and life was without sense and intent. Louis Aragon ‘s verse form â€Å" Suicide † is nil but the alphabeth in it ‘s normal order. Other Dadaists created â€Å" verse forms † by cutting words from the newspaper, seting them into a chapeau, and pasting words to paper as they were drawn at random from the chapeau. The poesy was of course absurd. I understand these motions as a contemplation on society, and the bunk which happened during the war. Later in deconstruction we can see even further that the philosophers deconstruct and draw apart ground and the words intending to each other. A A Even the abstract expressionists like Willem De Kooning painting â€Å" Woman and bike, 1952-53 † along with Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline, Arshile GorkyA andA Mark RothkoA show a new manner of showing themselves through coloring materials andA abstract expression.A In a celebrated missive to the New York Times ( June 1943 ) , Gottlieb and Rothko, with the aid of Newman, wrote: â€Å" To us, art is an escapade into an unknown universe of the imaginativeness which is fancy-free and violently opposed to common sense. There is no such thing as a good picture about nil. We assert that the topic is critical. † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abex/hd_abex.htm A There are many resistances between modernism and postmodernism, and I would wish to advert a few of the binary antonyms that I can happen. ModernismA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Postmodernism FormA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Antiform PurposeA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Play DesignA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Chance HierarchyA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Anarchy Art object/Finished worksA A A A Process/Performance/Happening SignifiedA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Signifier A Modernism was characterized by a dramatic alteration of idea. The society improved itself by affecting scientific discipline and engineering into it. Modernism was based on utilizing rational, logical agencies to derive cognition while postmodernism denied the application of logical thought. As postmodernism was a reaction to modernism the thought during the postmodern epoch was based on unscientific, irrational idea procedure. While a hierarchal, organized and determinate nature of cognition characterized modernism. But postmodernism was based on an lawless, non-totalized and undetermined province of cognition. Modernist attack was nonsubjective, theoretical and analytical while the postmodernism attack was based on subjectiveness. It lacked the analytical nature and ideas were rhetorical and wholly based on belief. The cardinal difference between modernism and postmodernism is that modernist thought is about the hunt of an abstract truth of life while postmodernist minds believe th at there is no cosmopolitan truth, abstract or otherwise. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/214493.html A Do we still view art as a manner of societal alteration like the modernist vanguard did, which at the clip even helped to determine many of the political motions of the 20th century? Well, have look at the manner futurism promoted Italian fascism with its aesthetic of the machine. The art reflected the societal alterations, and influenced by its germinating scientific discipline and engineering. By the nineteen-seventies, the political ideals that fuelled modernism had given manner to profound disenchantment with wars such as Vietnam, ultra-utilitarian architecture, and academic minimal art. Artists began to utilize artistic manners independently of their original political docket. The rise of the great post-war innovatory creative persons were Stockhausen, Boelez, Robbe-Grillet, Becket, Coover, Rauschenberg and Beuys. Alongside were a figure of Gallic intellectuals, notably the Marxist societal theoretician Louis Altusser, the cultural critic Roland Bartes, the philosopher Jaque Derrida, and the historian Michel Foucault. Their advanced philosophical idea traveling off from the strongly ethical and individualist existential philosophy that was typical of the instantly post-war period towards far more doubting and anti-humanist attitudes. These new beliefs were expressed to be known as deconstructive and poststructuralist theory. A There are a figure ofA factors that contributed to the postmodern epoch. How would the universe reaction to the pandemonium after the Holocaust, post-colonial rigidness, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War, it caused people to go increasingly more disillusioned about the built-in significance and value of life and art.A New manners of art have failed to pull them in the manner that Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism or Surrealism did. A The manner people live in the universe changed as the of new image-based engineerings of telecasting, picture, screenprinting, computing machines, the cyberspace emerged. This new found engineering generated a immense moving ridge of movie and photographic imagination – of topographic points, events and international famous persons – and now draughtsman ship was less sought, in the procedure. By pull stringsing this new engineering, artists including painters, graphic artists, sculpturers and others involved in newer signifiers like installing, does n’t follow the traditional procedures involved in â€Å" doing art, † but still make something new. An illustration is Ana Fabriusius Christiansen who is a ceramic creative person working with clay and comparatively new media such as picture taking and picture. The crude stuff juxtaposed with a hi-tech medium gives it an interesting consequence, while at the same clip movie ‘s documenting map is an of imp ort portion of vizualizing a complex subject. The universe is traveling in rapid velocity with it ‘s growing of consumerism and instant satisfaction over the last few decennaries of the twentieth century, this impression has besides had a immense impact on the ocular humanistic disciplines. Modern consumers want amusement. In response, many creative persons, conservators and other professionals have taken the chance to turn art into a â€Å" merchandise. † For illustration, installing and picture have allowed consumers to see art in a much more pro-active manner. The populace has a desire to be shocked and be stimulated, and this desire is certainly met by new artistic subject-matter, like dead tiger sharks, immense ice-sculptures, crowds of bare organic structures, presentations of deceasing flies, islands wrapped in pink polypropene cloth, and so on, there is nil predictable about being a human anymore. Popculture and art is wondrous depicts the growing of consumerism as can be seen in Richard Hamiltons â€Å" Just what is it that makes todays places so different, so appealing. † ( 1956 ) In a manner this montage is rather an accepting yet roasting position of the consumerist civilization we live in. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usc.edu/programs/cst/deadfiles/lacasis/ansc100/library/images/771.html A The postmodernist impression of human individuality as basically constructed like a fiction is besides to be found in the ocular humanistic disciplines, as is to be seen in Cindy Sherman ‘s series of exposure, â€Å" Untitled Film Stills † ( 1977-1980 ) and its replacements. In each of these Sherman impersonates movie actresses, masking herself more or less in different vesture and in different implied state of affairss, which are typical or stereotyped film.A In so doingA of course arises the inquiry of who is theA ‘realA Cindy Sherman? A Which exposure could perchance convert us that we are seing this? An unfastened, sincere, emotional or even naked one? A The French sociologist Jean Baudrillard means that the boundary line between art and world has absolutely vanished as both have collapsed into a cosmopolitan simulacrum, and he makes a decision that the representational image-sign goes through four historic stages. First, the image is the contemplation of a basic world. Second the image masks and perverts the basic world. Third the image marks the absence of a basic world. And forth the image bears no relation to any world whatever- it is its ain pure simulacrum. In Linguistics Saussure proposed that within the linguistic communication system, the form, the word or acoustic image, is that which carries significance, and the signified, the construct, is that which it refers to. Meaning is the procedure which binds together signifier and signified to bring forth a mark. A mark must be understood as a relation which has no significance outside the system of meaning. The job is – does the signifies refer to the image or concept â€Å" ox † or to the ox itself as a thing. The association of sound and what it represents is the result of corporate acquisition, and this is meaning. Meaning is hence the merchandise of a system of representation, which is itself meaningless. For the deconstructor, the relationship of linguistic communication to world is non given, since all linguistic communication systems are inherently undependable cultural concepts. Magritte made a painting inquiry the mark, painting a pipe and composing underneath â€Å" this is non a pipe. â€Å" A In 1967, Barthes caused a esthesis by proclaiming â€Å" the decease of the writer. † He meant that readers create their ain significances, irrespective of the writers purposes ; the texts they use do so are therefore evershifting, unstable and unfastened to inquiry. Does this impact how we create art or literature, and what we are seeking for in picture? Cezanne was seeking for truth, and wrote in a missive â€Å" I owe you the truth in picture, † which was the starting point for Derrida ‘s recent text. What is this truth, how can you convey truth in painting? Throughout the full history of believing about art and object at that place has been the hunt to set up the indispensable precedence of Son over mythos, ground over representation, construct over methaphor, the intelligble over reasonable and finally truth over picture. What is truth, and can it be depicted? Platos thought of truth is that of an unveiling inward disclosure from the psyche. Truth which is already written in the psyche and which is a recollection of what you already know. Many creative person has troughout history searched for truth in picture, yet Picasso stated art is â€Å" non truth. † He said if he pursued a truth on his canvas, he could paint a 100 canvases with the same truth, which one so is truth? And what is truth – the thing that acts as my theoretical account, or what I am painting? Derrida claimed and showing that written words do non stand for spoken words which do non stand for ideas which do non stand for truth or God, which are non referents of the metaphysical universe. These new doctrines brakes down everything we have of all time known and searched for in fact, it peals off anything that can be held fast, yet it besides opens up the possibility that truth is merely what you believe to be true, and it is of all time altering. Meaning is even different from individual to individual. So can anything we of all time communicate truly be understood? If you think about it, you do n’t see with your eyes, but instead with your head. You will make significance and emotional responses to art from your ain personal memories. And for one individual a cow might be related to fear, for another place. Phillip Guston states that painting is non on a surface, yet it is imagined. He expresses himself and says that painting is non made with colorss and pigment at all. And that he does n’t cognize what a picture is ; who knows what sets off even the desire to paint? It might be things, ideas, a memory, esthesiss, which has nil to make with painting itself. They come from anything and everyplace, a trifle some item observed, wondered about and, of course from the old picture. Guston declares that the picture is non on a surface, but on a plane which is imagined. It moves in a head. It is non there physically at all. It is an semblance, a piece of thaumaturgy, so what you see is non what you see. There is Leonardo Da Vinci celebrated statement that picture is a thing of the head. The thought of the pleasances of the oculus is non simply limited, it is n’t even possible. Everything means something. Anything in life or in art, any grade you make has significance and the lone inquiry is, what sort of significance? † Furthermore Feyerabend makes the statement that â€Å" The lone absolute truth is that there are no absolute truths. A The current Postmodern belief is that a right description of Reality is impossible. This utmost incredulity, of which Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn are peculiarly celebrated, assumes that ; a ) A A A All truth is limited, approximate, and is invariably germinating ( Nietzsche, Kuhn, Popper ) . B ) No theory can of all time be proved true – we can merely demo that a theory is false ( Popper ) . degree Celsiuss ) No theory can of all time explicate all things systematically ( Godel ‘s rawness theorem ) . vitamin D ) There is ever a separation between our head A ; thoughts of things and the thing in itself ( Kant ) . vitamin E ) Physical world is non deterministic ( Copenhagen reading of quantum natural philosophies, Bohr ) . degree Fahrenheit ) Science constructs are mental concepts ( logical positivism, Mach, Carnap ) . g ) Metaphysics is empty of content. H ) Thus absolute and certain truth that explains all things is inaccessible. A Not merely make these new doctrines bring about new ways of thought, scientific discipline besides shape the manner we think. Is science the new art? Technology is responsible for altering how we think about the existence. An illustration is Galileo when he created the telescope, with the new thought of an infinite existence. In the De Revolutionibus, ( 1543 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/copernicus.html Copernicus established the order of planets and proposed a heliostatic existence which were groundbreaking. Newton ‘s clockwork existence explains the existence to be predictable and made with order. Science is today turn outing what the mystics wrote approximately at the beginning of clip. Chaos and complexness theory show us that patterns be given to repeat and prevail ( like fractals ) at all degrees of observation: â€Å" As Above ; So Below. â€Å" A A There are many creative persons who are influenced by scientific discipline like Jaq Chartier who mirrors dna-mapping, Mark Francis and Ross Bleckner who create pictures associating to the microscopic image of cells and Daniel Lee who makes exposure of figures being half human and half animate being, raising inquiries of what it is to be a human. A As political relations, doctrine, scientific discipline and new engineering has all been portion of determining the universe and the art of the postmodern epoch, what will the hereafter bring? One thing is certain even if there is no ultimate truth, and we are of all time altering and germinating art invariably revises the inquiries of who are we? What are we here for? And where are we traveling? How to cite Study the meanings artworks within postmodernism, Essay examples

Rwanda and Cambodian Genocide free essay sample

[pic] [pic] Many times we may hear but not respond, we see and don’t move and having the ability to take action we don’t even move a finger until the situation is out of control. It’s amazing how ignorant and stubborn the human race can be. This is exactly the response of many nations when it comes to genocide. Genocide is the systematic killing of all the people from a national, ethnic, or religious group. Two of the most recent genocides in history are the genocide of Rwanda and the genocide of Cambodia. The genocide of Cambodia started on the year of 1975 and ended on 1979. This is considered the Khmer Pogue period, where Pol Pot ,  Nuon Chea,  Ieng Sary,  Son Sen,  Khieu Samphan  and the  Khmer Rouge Communist party  took over  Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge renamed it as  Democratic Kampuchea. The four-year period of their rule was enough to see the deaths of approximately two million Cambodians through the combined result of political  executions,  starvation, and  forced labor. We will write a custom essay sample on Rwanda and Cambodian Genocide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to the large number of deaths, during the rule of the Khmer Rouge, this is commonly known as the  Cambodian Holocaust  or  Cambodian Genocide. The Khmer Rouge period ended with the invasion of Cambodia by neighbor and former ally  Vietnam  in the  Cambodian–Vietnamese War, which left  Cambodia  under Vietnamese occupation for a decade. The Rwandan Genocide, located on east Africa,  was the murder on 1994 in which an estimated 800,000 people died. According to a  Human Rights Watch  estimate[i]  at least 900,000 people were killed during approximately 100 days from the assassination of  Juvenal Habyarimana  on April 6 through the middle of July. Other estimates of the  death toll  have ranged between 500,000 and 1,000,000. This is equivalent to 20% of the countrys total population. It was the result of an old ethnic competition and tensions between the minority  that was Tutsi, who had complete power of Rwanda for centuries, and the majority, which was  Hutu. The Hutu came to power in the rebellion of 1959–1962 and overthrew the Tutsi monarchy. The  assassination of Habyarimana  in April 1994 set off a violent reaction, resulting in the Hutus conducting killings of Tutsis and pro-peace Hutus. They even killed some of the Hutu’s because they were accused as being traitors  and  collaborationists. This genocide had been planned by members of the Hutu power group known as the  Akazu. Many of them occupied positions at top levels of the national government. The execution of the genocide was supported and coordinated by the national government as well as by local military and civil officials and mass media. Alongside with the military, the main responsibility for the killings rested upon two Hutu militias that had been organized for the purpose of political parties. These were the  Interahamwe  and the  Impuzamugambi, although once the genocide had started a great number of Hutu civilians took part in the murders. It was the end of the peace agreement meant to end the war. In response to the killings that were being produced, the Tutsi Rwanda Patriotic Front fought back and eventually defeated the government army and seized control of the country. Both of these genocides were meant to wipe out an ethnic group or groups. The Khmer Rouge persecuted those who were educated, such as doctors and lawyers, and those who were or had been in the military or police force. In the Cambodian genocide the targets were Vietnamese and Chinese nationals, Muslims and Buddhist monks. They all were virtually, if not entirely, eliminated from the population by expulsion, execution, or starvation. In the Rwanda genocide the ethnic group that was being eliminated was the Tutsi population that had been considered as cockroaches, this is how the Hutu referred to them as. The Tutsi though were assassinated brutally and in various inhumane ways. The groups that led the genocide of Rwanda were the Rwandan military and Hutu militia groups, which were the Interhamwe and Impuzamugabi. They all were sent out to kill any Tutsi that their eyes could lay on. They didn’t care whether they were kids, adults, the elderly, women, men, boys, girls, or even babies. The Hutu had no heart when they brutally killed the large percentage of Tutsi all they cared about was cleaning their country of the â€Å"Cockroaches† as they would say. On the other hand, in the Cambodian genocide the targets weren’t assassinated on site by the soldiers. They had a similar death of those in the Jewish Holocaust. They were sent into the Killing Fields where a great quantity of Cambodians were brutally assassinated and buried at a rough estimation of 1. to 2. 5 million. The Khmer Rouge regime arrested and eventually executed almost everyone suspected of connections with the former government or with foreign governments, as well as professionals and intellectuals. You would be arrested for having any type of connection with anyone outside the country. The Khmer Rouge’s polices were guided by its belief that the citizens of Cambodia had bee n tainted and corrupted by exposure to outside ideas, especially those from the capitalist West. The Khmer Rouge persecuted those who were educated, such as doctors and lawyers, and those who were or had been in the military or police force all which would later be assassinated. [ii] Its goal was to create a society in which no one competed against another and all people worked for the common good. This was accomplished through placing people in collective living arrangements, or communes. A commune was where various families were put together and had to work together. Different weapons and ways to kill were used in these genocides. In the Rwandan genocide, everything from machetes, fire arms to grenades were used to kill the large portion of the Tutsi population. The primary weapon used by the Hutu were machetes, they were less expensive and easy to supply. Some Hutu though obtained different types of fire arms including the AK-47. [iii] They obtained these by completing requisition forms, but various Hutu were pleased with a machete anything that helped them kill was extremely useful for them. The Hutu usually went into homes and sliced up anyone that was Tutsi. They made hundreds of roadblocks to get the Tutsi that were trying to escape. You would be stopped at roadblock, stripped down for your valuable possessions they killed. At times the Hutu would kill the children first or vise versa just to make the Tutsi terrified. At times if you were Hutu and didn’t have the papers to prove it when stopped at the roadblock you were killed as well. Also, if you didn’t join the massacre and didn’t help eliminate the Tutsi population, you would be assassinated on the spot. That means you had to be part of the massacre or join the dead Tutsi that were scattered around the ground of Rwanda as if they were a pile of cards nobody ared to pick up. The health conditions in Rwanda were terrible due to this. You would travel on a road of dead bodies some starting to have signs of decomposition already. This increased the spread of diseases including cholera due to the massive contamination of water. The worst part of all was that there was no escape. Every where you went there would be a rotting corpse with a puddl e of blood surrounding it. These types of scenes traumatized many children and some adults as well. In Cambodia, the population died from starvation, hard labor, disease, and assassinations in the Killing Fields. Life in the Killing Fields was devastating. The work they did lasted for hours and if thought of not working at their full capacity they were killed. They were removed form the rest of the working group taken out of the field and suffocated for various seconds before getting assassinated. Some of the hard labor workers did survive though. Dith Pran a photojournalist for example survived this horrible experience. One of things that kept him alive was making letters in his head to Mr. Schanberg his journalistic partner. He lived by â€Å"making no move unless there was a 50-50 chance of not being killed. [iv] Dith Pran had an extremely hard life in the Killing Fields. He was fed half a cup a rice, which was barely enough to keep him alive. At this point the hunger was so immense that anything edible would satisfy him, even if it meant eating grass or a crawling lizard that his hungry eyes caught glimpse of or even sucking the blood of a cow, that would make him live on for a day more. The story of Dith Pran is well known world wide. He was a very famous humanitarian when alive and given various international recognitions as well. He might have been one of the most humanitarian persons that lived at that time. The process of the  Khmer Rouge  regime, for minor or political crimes, began with a warning from the  Angkar. [v] This was the government of Cambodia under the regime. People that received more than two warnings were sent for re-education, This meant near-certain death. People were often encouraged to confess to Angkar their pre-revolutionary lifestyles and crimes which usually included some kind of free-market activity. This could have been having contact with a foreign source, such as a U. S. missionary, international relief or government agency or even contact with any foreigner. Even the outside world at all, being told that  Angkar  would forgive them and wipe the slate clean. This meant being taken away to a place such as  Tuol Sleng  or  Choeung Ek  for  torture  or  execution. The executed were buried in  mass graves. In order to save ammunition, the executions were often carried out using poison, spades or sharpened  bamboo  sticks. In some cases the children and infants of adult victims were killed by having their heads bashed against the trunks of  Chankiri trees. The rationale was to stop them growing up and taking revenge for their parents deaths. [vi] Some victims were required to dig their own graves. Their weakness often meant that they were unable to dig very deep. The soldiers who carried out the executions were mostly young men or women from peasant families. The estimated numbers of deaths of genocides are alarming. At times it makes us think that we should have helped the Cambodians with military support. Unfortuna tely its too late now, more than 500,000 people had to die for us to realize that intervention was the right choice to take. In the Cambodian Genocide, an estimated amount of 1. million died out of the population of 8 million. That means that roughly, 21% of the countries population was wiped out in a period of 4 years. In the Rwanda genocide, there is an estimation of 800,000 up to 1,200,000 deaths. [vii] That’s about 20% of the total population the country had at the time. After so many deaths finally the Khmer Rouge was removed from power when communist Vietnam invaded in January 1979 and established a pro-Vietnam regime in Cambodia. Many survivors fled to refugee camps in Thailand, where they began to rebuild their lives. Of these, many came to the United States on sponsorship visas. [viii] More than 20 years later, there is an attempt to bring those who committed these crimes to trial in Cambodia. On the other hand, the Rwandan Genocide ended in July 1994 when the Tutsi RPF, Rwandese Patriotic Front, captured Kigali. Approximately two million Hutus and the bystanders, with anticipation of Tutsi revenge, fled from Rwanda, to  Burundi,  Tanzania,  Uganda, and for the most part  Zaire. [ix] In conclusion the genocide of Rwanda and the genocide of Cambodia were disastrous. The ethnic groups involved in both of these genocides suffered a lot and a great majority was killed and left around the counter like garbage. About 21% of the Cambodian population was killed and 20% of the Rwandan genocide lay on the ground all scattered making the grounds of Rwanda a field of scattered rotting corpses. Hopefully in future threats of genocide we put action so that this doesn’t happen again. The death and brutal assassination of any ethnic group should not be shrugged off as any other problem but taken seriously before it’s too late. These have been two of the most recent genocides in history and hopefully the last. WORKS CITED [i] Des Forges, Alison. â€Å"Leave No One to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights†. 17 January 2007 Watch. http://www. hrw. org/reports/1999/rwanda. 1 Apr. 2011 [ii] Kamm, Henry. Cambodia. (New York: Arcade Publishing 1998). 136 [iii] Holfer, Patricia. â€Å"Through My Eyes: Rwandan Genocide† 14 Dec. 1999 http://www. throughmyeyes. org. uk/server/show/nav. 23319. 1 Apr 2011 iv] Douglas, Martin, â€Å"Dith Pran, Photojournalist and survivor of the Killing Fields, Dies at’65†(New York Times) Obituary 31 Mar. 2008 A19 [v] Kamm. 156 [vi] Patterson, Henry. â€Å"Mail Online: Khmer Rouge torturer describes killing babies by smashing them into trees. † 9 Jun. 2009 http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/worldnews/article 1191601/Khmer-Rouge-torturer-describes-killing-babies-smashing-trees. html#ixzz1Ihrc4cZm 1 Apr. 2011 [vii] Lyons, Robert. The Rwandan Genocide. (New York :Zone Books 2006) 35 [viii] Kamn. 179 [ix] Lyons. 108

Rwanda and Cambodian Genocide free essay sample

[pic] [pic] Many times we may hear but not respond, we see and don’t move and having the ability to take action we don’t even move a finger until the situation is out of control. It’s amazing how ignorant and stubborn the human race can be. This is exactly the response of many nations when it comes to genocide. Genocide is the systematic killing of all the people from a national, ethnic, or religious group. Two of the most recent genocides in history are the genocide of Rwanda and the genocide of Cambodia. The genocide of Cambodia started on the year of 1975 and ended on 1979. This is considered the Khmer Pogue period, where Pol Pot ,  Nuon Chea,  Ieng Sary,  Son Sen,  Khieu Samphan  and the  Khmer Rouge Communist party  took over  Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge renamed it as  Democratic Kampuchea. The four-year period of their rule was enough to see the deaths of approximately two million Cambodians through the combined result of political  executions,  starvation, and  forced labor. We will write a custom essay sample on Rwanda and Cambodian Genocide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to the large number of deaths, during the rule of the Khmer Rouge, this is commonly known as the  Cambodian Holocaust  or  Cambodian Genocide. The Khmer Rouge period ended with the invasion of Cambodia by neighbor and former ally  Vietnam  in the  Cambodian–Vietnamese War, which left  Cambodia  under Vietnamese occupation for a decade. The Rwandan Genocide, located on east Africa,  was the murder on 1994 in which an estimated 800,000 people died. According to a  Human Rights Watch  estimate[i]  at least 900,000 people were killed during approximately 100 days from the assassination of  Juvenal Habyarimana  on April 6 through the middle of July. Other estimates of the  death toll  have ranged between 500,000 and 1,000,000. This is equivalent to 20% of the countrys total population. It was the result of an old ethnic competition and tensions between the minority  that was Tutsi, who had complete power of Rwanda for centuries, and the majority, which was  Hutu. The Hutu came to power in the rebellion of 1959–1962 and overthrew the Tutsi monarchy. The  assassination of Habyarimana  in April 1994 set off a violent reaction, resulting in the Hutus conducting killings of Tutsis and pro-peace Hutus. They even killed some of the Hutu’s because they were accused as being traitors  and  collaborationists. This genocide had been planned by members of the Hutu power group known as the  Akazu. Many of them occupied positions at top levels of the national government. The execution of the genocide was supported and coordinated by the national government as well as by local military and civil officials and mass media. Alongside with the military, the main responsibility for the killings rested upon two Hutu militias that had been organized for the purpose of political parties. These were the  Interahamwe  and the  Impuzamugambi, although once the genocide had started a great number of Hutu civilians took part in the murders. It was the end of the peace agreement meant to end the war. In response to the killings that were being produced, the Tutsi Rwanda Patriotic Front fought back and eventually defeated the government army and seized control of the country. Both of these genocides were meant to wipe out an ethnic group or groups. The Khmer Rouge persecuted those who were educated, such as doctors and lawyers, and those who were or had been in the military or police force. In the Cambodian genocide the targets were Vietnamese and Chinese nationals, Muslims and Buddhist monks. They all were virtually, if not entirely, eliminated from the population by expulsion, execution, or starvation. In the Rwanda genocide the ethnic group that was being eliminated was the Tutsi population that had been considered as cockroaches, this is how the Hutu referred to them as. The Tutsi though were assassinated brutally and in various inhumane ways. The groups that led the genocide of Rwanda were the Rwandan military and Hutu militia groups, which were the Interhamwe and Impuzamugabi. They all were sent out to kill any Tutsi that their eyes could lay on. They didn’t care whether they were kids, adults, the elderly, women, men, boys, girls, or even babies. The Hutu had no heart when they brutally killed the large percentage of Tutsi all they cared about was cleaning their country of the â€Å"Cockroaches† as they would say. On the other hand, in the Cambodian genocide the targets weren’t assassinated on site by the soldiers. They had a similar death of those in the Jewish Holocaust. They were sent into the Killing Fields where a great quantity of Cambodians were brutally assassinated and buried at a rough estimation of 1. to 2. 5 million. The Khmer Rouge regime arrested and eventually executed almost everyone suspected of connections with the former government or with foreign governments, as well as professionals and intellectuals. You would be arrested for having any type of connection with anyone outside the country. The Khmer Rouge’s polices were guided by its belief that the citizens of Cambodia had bee n tainted and corrupted by exposure to outside ideas, especially those from the capitalist West. The Khmer Rouge persecuted those who were educated, such as doctors and lawyers, and those who were or had been in the military or police force all which would later be assassinated. [ii] Its goal was to create a society in which no one competed against another and all people worked for the common good. This was accomplished through placing people in collective living arrangements, or communes. A commune was where various families were put together and had to work together. Different weapons and ways to kill were used in these genocides. In the Rwandan genocide, everything from machetes, fire arms to grenades were used to kill the large portion of the Tutsi population. The primary weapon used by the Hutu were machetes, they were less expensive and easy to supply. Some Hutu though obtained different types of fire arms including the AK-47. [iii] They obtained these by completing requisition forms, but various Hutu were pleased with a machete anything that helped them kill was extremely useful for them. The Hutu usually went into homes and sliced up anyone that was Tutsi. They made hundreds of roadblocks to get the Tutsi that were trying to escape. You would be stopped at roadblock, stripped down for your valuable possessions they killed. At times the Hutu would kill the children first or vise versa just to make the Tutsi terrified. At times if you were Hutu and didn’t have the papers to prove it when stopped at the roadblock you were killed as well. Also, if you didn’t join the massacre and didn’t help eliminate the Tutsi population, you would be assassinated on the spot. That means you had to be part of the massacre or join the dead Tutsi that were scattered around the ground of Rwanda as if they were a pile of cards nobody ared to pick up. The health conditions in Rwanda were terrible due to this. You would travel on a road of dead bodies some starting to have signs of decomposition already. This increased the spread of diseases including cholera due to the massive contamination of water. The worst part of all was that there was no escape. Every where you went there would be a rotting corpse with a puddl e of blood surrounding it. These types of scenes traumatized many children and some adults as well. In Cambodia, the population died from starvation, hard labor, disease, and assassinations in the Killing Fields. Life in the Killing Fields was devastating. The work they did lasted for hours and if thought of not working at their full capacity they were killed. They were removed form the rest of the working group taken out of the field and suffocated for various seconds before getting assassinated. Some of the hard labor workers did survive though. Dith Pran a photojournalist for example survived this horrible experience. One of things that kept him alive was making letters in his head to Mr. Schanberg his journalistic partner. He lived by â€Å"making no move unless there was a 50-50 chance of not being killed. [iv] Dith Pran had an extremely hard life in the Killing Fields. He was fed half a cup a rice, which was barely enough to keep him alive. At this point the hunger was so immense that anything edible would satisfy him, even if it meant eating grass or a crawling lizard that his hungry eyes caught glimpse of or even sucking the blood of a cow, that would make him live on for a day more. The story of Dith Pran is well known world wide. He was a very famous humanitarian when alive and given various international recognitions as well. He might have been one of the most humanitarian persons that lived at that time. The process of the  Khmer Rouge  regime, for minor or political crimes, began with a warning from the  Angkar. [v] This was the government of Cambodia under the regime. People that received more than two warnings were sent for re-education, This meant near-certain death. People were often encouraged to confess to Angkar their pre-revolutionary lifestyles and crimes which usually included some kind of free-market activity. This could have been having contact with a foreign source, such as a U. S. missionary, international relief or government agency or even contact with any foreigner. Even the outside world at all, being told that  Angkar  would forgive them and wipe the slate clean. This meant being taken away to a place such as  Tuol Sleng  or  Choeung Ek  for  torture  or  execution. The executed were buried in  mass graves. In order to save ammunition, the executions were often carried out using poison, spades or sharpened  bamboo  sticks. In some cases the children and infants of adult victims were killed by having their heads bashed against the trunks of  Chankiri trees. The rationale was to stop them growing up and taking revenge for their parents deaths. [vi] Some victims were required to dig their own graves. Their weakness often meant that they were unable to dig very deep. The soldiers who carried out the executions were mostly young men or women from peasant families. The estimated numbers of deaths of genocides are alarming. At times it makes us think that we should have helped the Cambodians with military support. Unfortuna tely its too late now, more than 500,000 people had to die for us to realize that intervention was the right choice to take. In the Cambodian Genocide, an estimated amount of 1. million died out of the population of 8 million. That means that roughly, 21% of the countries population was wiped out in a period of 4 years. In the Rwanda genocide, there is an estimation of 800,000 up to 1,200,000 deaths. [vii] That’s about 20% of the total population the country had at the time. After so many deaths finally the Khmer Rouge was removed from power when communist Vietnam invaded in January 1979 and established a pro-Vietnam regime in Cambodia. Many survivors fled to refugee camps in Thailand, where they began to rebuild their lives. Of these, many came to the United States on sponsorship visas. [viii] More than 20 years later, there is an attempt to bring those who committed these crimes to trial in Cambodia. On the other hand, the Rwandan Genocide ended in July 1994 when the Tutsi RPF, Rwandese Patriotic Front, captured Kigali. Approximately two million Hutus and the bystanders, with anticipation of Tutsi revenge, fled from Rwanda, to  Burundi,  Tanzania,  Uganda, and for the most part  Zaire. [ix] In conclusion the genocide of Rwanda and the genocide of Cambodia were disastrous. The ethnic groups involved in both of these genocides suffered a lot and a great majority was killed and left around the counter like garbage. About 21% of the Cambodian population was killed and 20% of the Rwandan genocide lay on the ground all scattered making the grounds of Rwanda a field of scattered rotting corpses. Hopefully in future threats of genocide we put action so that this doesn’t happen again. The death and brutal assassination of any ethnic group should not be shrugged off as any other problem but taken seriously before it’s too late. These have been two of the most recent genocides in history and hopefully the last. WORKS CITED [i] Des Forges, Alison. â€Å"Leave No One to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights†. 17 January 2007 Watch. http://www. hrw. org/reports/1999/rwanda. 1 Apr. 2011 [ii] Kamm, Henry. Cambodia. (New York: Arcade Publishing 1998). 136 [iii] Holfer, Patricia. â€Å"Through My Eyes: Rwandan Genocide† 14 Dec. 1999 http://www. throughmyeyes. org. uk/server/show/nav. 23319. 1 Apr 2011 iv] Douglas, Martin, â€Å"Dith Pran, Photojournalist and survivor of the Killing Fields, Dies at’65†(New York Times) Obituary 31 Mar. 2008 A19 [v] Kamm. 156 [vi] Patterson, Henry. â€Å"Mail Online: Khmer Rouge torturer describes killing babies by smashing them into trees. † 9 Jun. 2009 http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/worldnews/article 1191601/Khmer-Rouge-torturer-describes-killing-babies-smashing-trees. html#ixzz1Ihrc4cZm 1 Apr. 2011 [vii] Lyons, Robert. The Rwandan Genocide. (New York :Zone Books 2006) 35 [viii] Kamn. 179 [ix] Lyons. 108

Lab exam free essay sample

Jennings Bryan argues against the gold standard. What arguments does he give against the gold standard and why does it oppress the common people? William Jennings Bryan was against the Gold Standard because it artificially lowered inflation. In todays times the Federal Reserve can print as much money as it wants and also control how the money circulates in the economy by buying and selling bonds. With the gold standard there was an infinite amount of gold that could be mined and minted, which kept inflation artificially low.William Jennings Bryan was a proponent of bimetallismusing silver as well as gold. Using silver meant that more money could be minted and inflation could go up. At the end of the nineteenth century this particularly benefited farmers. Small farmers typically had large outstanding loans to big banks. If inflation is allowed to rise it benefits debtors because the money that they owe is less valuable. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab exam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If the dollar weakens and youre getting more dollars for selling the same crops, it becomes easier to pay off a fixed amount of money.That is why opposition to the gold standard was so central to Bryan and the Populist movement. William Jennings Bryan, as evidenced by his particularly impassioned Cross of Gold Speech, opposed the gold standard on the premise that a bi-metal (meaning gold and silver) money standard would ease the strain on the United States economy. With just the gold standard, the moneys supply was severely restricted. With a booming economy and pressure to increase production, money wasnt as readily available and Jennings argued that the introduction of silver would ease those harms.

Essay Sample on John Dewey and His Philosophy

Essay Sample on John Dewey and His Philosophy John Dewey had a long and prosperous career as a philosopher and as an educator. Tanner and Tanner have since called him the greatest of American Educational Philosophers (Tanner and Tanner, 1995). John Deweys very influential philosophy has been a guiding force throughout the twentieth century. His philosophy is most evident today through his many writings. Probably most notable among these was his book Democracy and Education. After nearly twenty years of practicing his philosophy in laboratory schools he published Experience and Education. This book is a concise refinement of his most popular work. It is here that he expresses a reformulation of the concepts presented in Democracy and Education. Educational Theory of the Day In 1859 the English philosopher Herbert Spencer asked a very profound question in his essay What Knowledge is of Most Worth. This question proved to be a turning point for what was to come(Tanner and Tanner, 1995) for it influenced many who came to follow. Specifically it influenced a young educator by the name of John Dewey who began his teaching career in 1879 in the small town of Oil City, Pennsylvania. Soon thereafter John Dewey left Pennsylvania for graduate school at Johns Hopkins University. There he received his Ph.D. in 1884 (Levine, 1998). Prior to 1900, education had little to offer in the way of a theoretical framework (Wilburg, 1998). The belief at the time was that schools should require strong discipline and that children should not talk to one another; all communication should be between the teacher and the class (Tyler, 1975). A popular curricula of the day centered around McGuffys Readers, which taught American ideals and morals (Ornstein and Hunkins, 1998). John Deweys influential books School and Society and Interest and Effort in Education were published in 1902. These works carried the same theme as many of his later works. Namely that students interest are an important component in any curriculum. Soon after Dewey published his book Democracy and Education, one of his former graduate students Heard Kilpatrick, introduced what he called the project method. This methodology engages the student in a number of projects. The projects he defined as a purposeful activity carried to completion in a natural setting (Tyler,1975). A number of schools adopted curriculum plans such as these and, thus began the controversial Progressive Education movement. This Progressive Education movement threaten the standards of the day and caused a great deal of controversy. Dewey speaks of it often in his book Experience and Education. He describes people as having a Either-Or philosophy. Particularly that they can see no intermediate possibilities between traditional education and that of the progressive movement. He does not propose one is better than the other simply that each has its advantages and disadvantages. As one might expect the New education he proposes as an alternative is closely linked to the ideals of the progressives. Deweys main concern is that traditional education produces students that are schooled in the basic concepts of a subject matter, yet have no way to deal with real world problems because they have not been taught problem solving techniques. Dewey soon after making a description of the benefits of the new education calls attention to the fact that there is a need for a theory of experience. Remember that at the time of Deweys writing (1938) there was little in the way of a theory of experience. Cognitive Psychology was still 20 years away in the future. It was at this point Behaviorism was the theory of the day. Ideas of memory and cognition were being downplayed. The need for a theory of experience, the name of Deweys second chapter, makes some very valid points. One being Education and Experience can NOT be equated with one another. Some experience as he says can be miseducative. Any experience can be miseducative if it arrest or distorts growth. His inverse statement then is that educative experience is growth. This truth is a theme throughout the book. Social Control and Education As in Democracy and Education, Dewey is very concerned that traditional education is an autocratic social dynamic. This top down approach is a limitation to personal growth. Dewey makes a very convincing argument that a traditional school room with its fixed rows of desks and straight jacket chain gang procedures need to be done away with. Dewey rather dramatically calls attention to the similarities of a student and a slave by describing Platos definition of a slave. It is someone who executes the purposes of another. Perhaps it is time to reexamine our handling of students in the classroom. Personally, I felt a great freedom moving from the K-12 environment to a college classroom. Was I mystically transformed in the intervening summer? This is evident in many classrooms today. He proposes in the place of a traditional classroom a more laboratory type setting where students are free to grow and learn. He describes education as having a social nature. The tradition schoolroom limits this social nature and even prohibits it. The traditional schoolroom even holds silence as a prime virtue. Deweys Enduring Legacy Many saw an end to the progressive movement with John Deweys death in 1953. The movement may have passed even before his death. But his ideas continue to survive in other educational reformers works. Dewey was if anything a driving force for change in Americas schools. Even though Dewey disdained the -isms, the current constructivism has much in common with his progressive movement. It is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts through experience. Deweys liberal ideas caused quite a controversy in his day. In many ways they still do. All paradigm shifts, (be they the Copernican universe, evolution through natural selection, or a call for freedom in education) take time to be accepted.

Dating Violence among Teenagers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dating Violence among Teenagers - Term Paper Example I have chosen two empirical studies to help me understand this phenomenon and try to bring about changes that would beneficial to them. In a study conducted by (Champion H. 2008) on different risk and protective factors involving individual behavior related to dating violence and victimization among teenagers, many interesting facts were highlighted. To analyze the facts on the important issue of dating violence among teenagers, surveys were conducted for 2000 students belonging to the North Carolina High School. On examining the level of violence on the dating issue from a gender point of view, it was found that females were more at risk than the males. Results showed that when comparing the females to males, females experienced a higher level of perpetration (8.8%) than the males who had only 4.0% risk. (Champion H. 2008) Findings on the issue of victimization showed that while females were at a higher risk with 7.2%, male victimization was only 5.0%. (Champion H. 2008) The results from the study proved that there is a higher incidence of female perpetration and victimization and they were more at risk when compar ed to males. Some of the common causes observed in the study were drunken driving, tobacco and alcohol abuse, drug abuse. When comparing the different multivariate models associated with violence in dating, men were less likely to be victimized than women. However, there could be few exceptions. The findings also showed that the role of community should be enhanced to counter this problem by conducting various activities within the community and making the youth more responsible in the way they approach life. In a study conducted by (Miller S. 2009) the method used to gauge dating violence among teenagers was directed towards interviewing parents and peers for predictors of violence and perpetration during physical dating. The participants chosen

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morisson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morisson - Essay Example It depicts the sort of stereotypical communities we live in and the unconventional family settings that shape the fabrics of the modern society. Pecola, hailing from Ohio, sets to see the world through a different pair of eyes. Consequently, she plunges herself into the flaws of misguided perceptions that leads her down the road of failure. The new blue eyes that she dreams of helping us to see the norms and tradition of beauty without distraction in the lines of racial segregation. Morrison keeps the reader enchanted to the realization of the facts that form the core of our society for so many years. He uses the theme of beauty to focus on the consequences of the decision made by Pecola. Amazingly, it is the way that the society appreciates human dignity by in accordance with the allocation of favorable materials or acquisition. Supposedly, those deemed beautiful get better chances in life, and that is the primary driving force for Pecola (Mbalia 28). She believes that beauty lies in the possession of blonde hair and blue eyes. Toni Morrison captures the stigma that we embrace and questions its credibility as the only way of acceptance of some level of beauty in the society. Throughout the history, the society deems everyone as equal but that ideal case ceases to exist when in a real life situation. Its scripts shine boldly in the books of literature, state and federal laws. On the contrary, the practices of the society are entirely different from the writings in the books.  Pecola represents a section of the community that thrives to find a sense of belonging in a narrow-minded society. Conversely, Claudia was the antagonist in accordance with the story of her life (Mbalia 30). She grew to be fond of herself and proud of whom and what life made her. Clearly, she embraces her life and heritage that shows how powerful beauty besets upon someone that embraces it. Claudia

Development of the Human Placenta Research Paper

Development of the Human Placenta - Research Paper Example According to the report blastomeres are separated into two parts by the blastocystic cavity, namely the trophoblast and the inner cell mass also called as embryo blast. Implantation is the first step in the development of placenta. Approximately at 6th day after fertilization the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium and the process of implantation begins. Now the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst at the embryonic pole gets differentiated into two layers, an inner layer called cytotrophoblast and an outer layer called as syncytiotrophoblast. Syncytiotrophoblast is highly invasive and expands quickly adjacent to the embryoblast, it produces enzymes that erode the maternal tissue enabling the blastocyst to burrow into the endometrium. The endometrial cells undergo apoptosis that facilitates invasion. The process of implantation is completed by the end of second week and the blastocyst is superficially implanted in the endometrium.This essay discusses that  at about day 10 blood fi lled lacunae appear in the syncytiotrophoblast which ultimately fuse at day 12 to form the lacunar network, the   primordia of   intervillous spaces of placenta,synsytiotrophoblast erodes the endometrial capillaries and maternal blood flows into these capillaries giving rise to the primordial utero placental circulation.  Villi that attach to the maternal tissues through the cytotrophoblastic shell are termed as stem villi from which the branch villi project. The decidua basalis is divided into many cotyledons by the placental septa, formed by the primary chorionic villi during erosion of the decidua basalis by them. Each cotyledon consists of one stem villus that gives rise to many branch chorionic villi and it is through the walls of these branch villi that the actual exchange of materials between the blood of mother and fetus occurs. At 20 weeks of pregnancy complete external membrane is formed consisting of amnion, chorion and decidua. Both maternal and fetal parts of placenta play role in immunoregulation that helps to protect the fetus from immune attack by the mother as the fetal part of placenta consists of both maternal and paternal genes that is it is an allograft, still it is not rejected by the mother’s immune system because of several reasons; 1. Trophoblastic cells express on their surface class I antigens including HLA-G that are nonpolymorphic and play role in allograft protection. 2. Syncytiotrophoblast of chorionic villi do not express MHC antigens on their surface and thus do not evoke an immune response. 3. Endometrium secretes certain immunosuppressive molecules for e.g; PGE2, TGF B and IL-10. 4. Ligands present on the trophoblast induce apoptosis of activated maternal leukocytes. 5. Increased percentage of CD 8+ cells and decrease in ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells was found in distant and regional lymphatic organs during pregnancy.

What Is Carbon Monoxide And Its Effects Environmental Sciences Essay

What Is Carbon Monoxide And Its Effects Environmental Sciences Essay Carbon monoxide (CO), also known as carbonous oxide, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas produced by incomplete combustion of the fossil and carbon-based fuels, when there is not enough oxygen to produce Carbon Dioxide. Normally, carbon (C) and oxygen (O2) combine to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), when combustion of carbon is complete, in the presence of plenty of air. When combustion of carbon is incomplete, there is a limited supply of air, and only half as much oxygen adds to the carbon, forming carbon monoxide (CO). Many sources of carbon monoxide include: Unvented kerosene and gas space heaters; leaking chimneys and furnaces; back-drafting from furnaces, gas water heaters, wood stoves, and fireplaces; gas stoves; generators and other gasoline powered equipment; automobile exhaust from attached garages; and tobacco smoke. Carbon monoxide is not only formed from incomplete combustion, it is also formed as a pollutant when hydrocarbon fuels (natural gas, petrol, and diesel) ar e burned. Carbon Monoxide gas is produced from the partial oxidation of  carbon-containing compounds and it consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom. Carbon Monoxide is also the simplest oxocarbon, and is an anhydride of formic acid. The symbol equation for the formation of carbon dioxide is: (hydrocarbon) + O2 CO + H2O Effects on humans Despite Carbon Monoxide being perfectly harmless to humans at low exposure, it is extremely poisonous, often fatal, to humans at higher levels. When Carbon Monoxide enters the body through the respiratory system, it binds very strongly to the  iron  atoms  in haemoglobin, the principal  oxygen-carrying compound in blood. Haemoglobin, a protein present in the red blood cells, normally binds oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin and transports it to all parts of the body. When Carbon Monoxide enters the bloodstream, it competes with oxygen and binds to haemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin.  Carbon monoxide is attracted to haemoglobin over 200 times more strongly than oxygen. Therefore, in the blood, the presence of carbon monoxide prevents some of the  haemoglobin  found in red blood cells from carrying sufficient oxygen around the body, sometimes resulting in death. Symptoms of Carbon Monoxide poisoning The symptoms of mild carbon monoxide poisoning may be non-specific and similar to those of viral cold and flu infections, food poisoning or just simple fatigue. But, unlike flu and many viral infections, carbon monoxide poisoning doesnt result in a high temperature. At low concentrations, the poisoning produces symptoms such as abdominal pain; dizziness; sore throat; dry cough; fatigue in healthy people and chest pain in people with heart disease. At higher concentrations, the effects many include: impaired vision and coordination; headaches; dizziness; confusion; and nausea. At extreme levels of exposure, fast and irregular heart rate; hyperventilation; difficulty breathing; Seizures and loss of consciousness may occur. Some symptoms can occur a few days or even months after exposure to carbon monoxide, and may include confusion, loss of memory, problems with coordination; and unusually pinkish skin and cheeks, or bright red lips. Most of the symptoms and effects produced by exposure to carbon monoxide are generally reversible, as the effects disappear following removal from exposure. Despite this, if extremely high exposure does not result in death; permanent damage to the body is likely to occur, mostly to the nervous system. Many of the serious effects include:  · loss of memory  · increased irritability  · impulsiveness  · mood changes  · violent behaviour  · verbal aggression  · personality changes  · learning disabilities  · mental deterioration  · instability when walking Many people are more at risk of Carbon Monoxide poisoning; due is to their greater need for oxygen or an impaired ability of their bodies to provide an adequate supply. Those at most risk include:  · pregnant women  · the physically active  · older workers  · heavy smokers  · sufferers from respiratory diseases  · sufferers from heart disease Prevention Even though carbon monoxide poses a big threat to human health, the effects of exposure to it, both short-term and long-term, can be prevented if all the necessary precautions are carried out. The most important measure to protect yourself from carbon monoxide poisoning, is to have a Carbon Monoxide detector fitted in your home. The detectors can come in an alarm form, similar to fire detectors, or a passive form, which are adhesive detectors with a circle on the indicator that will turn grey or black, depending on the concentration of CO in the room. According to the National Fire Protection Association 93% of homes have smoke alarms, yet the Consumer Product Safety Commission estimates that only 15% have carbon monoxide alarms, which greatly contributes to the high numbers of poisonings. The second precaution that you should take to protect yourself is to have your heating system; water heater; chimney and flue; and any other gas, oil, or coal burning appliances to be serviced by a qualified technician every year. You should also make sure that all your cooking appliances and furnaces are inspected for adequate safety and ventilation. Another precaution to take is to make sure not  use a generator, charcoal grill, camp stove, or other gasoline or charcoal-burning device inside your home, garage or near a window, as charcoal is very susceptible to producing carbon monoxide when burned. To prevent carbon monoxide poisoning, you should not run a car or any other automobile inside a garage attached to your home, or any enclosed space, even if you leave the door open, as Carbon Monoxide could become trapped. Making sure not to burn anything in a stove or fireplace that isnt vented, is also another life saving precaution to take. With a combination of all of the advice and techniques to prevent carbon Mmnoxide exposure within your home, you can protect yourself and others from the deadly and life threatening problem of Carbon Monoxide poisoning.

Themes, Symbolism, and Atmosphere in Dickens Hard Times Essay

When Charles Dickens was writing his commentary on a fast industrializing world, the thought that Hard Times would still be relevant over 150 years later is assumed to be far from the forefront of his mind. And yet at present, 158 years after its first publication, Charles Dickens’ tale of industrialization and its implications still holds a prominent place in today’s society. The following is one interpretation of Dickens’ story of an industrialized dystopia, and discussed are its ever-relevant theme, the symbols and motifs which reinforce it, and the effective atmosphere which it creates. Throughout the novel there are two very prominent themes: the notion that industrialization has a mechanizing effect on human beings and the recurring battle of fact versus fancy. However, the latter can be seen as subordinate to the first. Forthwith in the novel Dickens establishes the emphasis on facts and statistics (â€Å"The One Thing Needful†), using a monologue to introduce his novel: â€Å"Now, what I want is, Facts. [†¦]Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else.† (Dickens 3). Immediately the stage is set, with Dickens creating a character whose sole belief could no doubt be proved using further statistics and facts. What Dickens has also done by the end of the first chapter is describe a character who possesses qualities common to many industrialists and of that era, a character who himself appears to represent a part of the industry, one who was â€Å"inflexible, dry, and dictatorial† (Dickens 3). Given the p revalence of utilitarianism in the time of writing, it is apparent why Dickens chose to embody the main theme in a character that is so â€Å"eminently practical† that he comes off as cold as the great hulking... ...simplicity which enabled readers of any kind to sympathize with the characters bound to a dystopia fueled by the ever-turning gears and wheels of the great industrial machine. Dickens created a novel that thoroughly detailed the effects which industry forced upon humanity, as well as the fight man took to overcome such mechanization, one saw a battle between utilitarianism and humanism play out with the turn of each page, and one saw humanity prevail in the novel’s conclusion. However, humanity, it seems, is not always the preponderate in reality, with this battle of â€Å"fact versus fancy† still playing out today. Hard Times will forever be relevant so long as mankind continues to engineer the evolution of industry and industry continues to engineer the end of mankind’s evolution. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1990

Costco Versus Sam’s Club Essay

The navigator basis of image has the control to navigate the company through external issues. Costco employs a divisional organizational structure that is nationwide and divided into three different divisions. Each division is controlled by an Executive Vice President and the regions are divided for the Senior Vice President. Costco opens its stores in different states such as the first time to open in South Carolina, â€Å"It’s pretty much spread like wildfire† (McMaster, 2001). One of the pressure for change was the economy and the recession that the businesses encountered and to be more strategic than its competitors to sell products as bulk to save money and make the consumer happy especially with large families. Sam’s Club does not have as much pressure as Costco would since Sam’s Club is a subsidiary of Walmart which is the largest retail store chain all across the world. â€Å"In this image, some, but not all, change intentions are achievable. Power, processes, interests, and the different skill levels of managers affect their ability to produce intentional change outcomes† (Ian Palmer 26). Costco and Sam’s Club are able to embrace the changes and the great outcomes by thousands of members who shop at the companies. Costco differ from other retail companies by the wholesale products that consumers can buy in bulk while still saving money in the long run even with the annual membership that Costco and Sam’s Club charges. The other change manager at Costco and Sam’s Club is that they both utilize the highlights of the goals as a coach because the way training goes, both warehouse company focuses on not only delegating the work but actions leading with words. For example, when customers are shopping for a certain item and the manager trains the employees on the products, what’s coming in and what’s going out, and also following schematics to ensure customers that when they shop at each parenting store, the customers are able to find the product in any store and in any state. One of the models that Costco and Sam’s Club seem to use is the 7-S Framework because the managers have goal sets, strategies and structure on how to train the employees and how they want the job to be performed. As a warehouse company, new products will arrive such as groceries and out goes the old because they are perishable. Based on the readings, â€Å"The 7-S Framework was developed by the McKinsey & Company consultants Robert Waterman Jr., Tom Peters, and Julien Phillips. It is based on the propositions that organizational effectiveness comes from the interaction of multiple factors and successful change requires attention to the interconnectedness of the variables. They characterize the factors into seven categories: structure, strategy, systems, style, staff, skills, and superordi-nate goals (Ian Palmer 125). The only bad thing about the 7-S framework is that its weakness is viewing at the external aspects because the products sold are not for just one type of demogra phic but more than one by offering different type of products and services. SWOT Analysis Since Costco and Sam’s Club are both huge warehouse retailers, each one has strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Not only are the analyses internal, they are also external. Both have high employee retention because they do treat the employees well by offering above average salaries and great benefits. As for externally, both warehouse companies offer other products and services such as food courts, sell and install tires, gasoline, and business cards. As the class textbook says, â€Å"The Strategic Inventory involves a much more sophisticated analysis than that provided by the ubiquitous SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats). The danger with SWOT analysis is that it very easily becomes a listing not of strengths but â€Å"believed strengths,† not of weaknesses but â€Å"believed weaknesses,† and so forth† (Ian Palmer 137). Costco strengths offer a wide variety of products, high end and mid range, online and services but have a weak compliance function which limits the customer to product choices. One of the opportunities for Costco is that they have a growing demand for private labeling on their products which well known as Kirkland but with the foreign exchange rate fluctuations, the profit margins may seem lower than expected and services are much less used in other countries. Costco’s wide spread geographic presence though has its benefits, also exposes the company to the threat of foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Stated in the datamonitor, â€Å"Costco has operations in the US, Puerto Rico, Canada, the UK, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Mexico and Australia. Thus, the company generates revenue in many other currencies besides its domestic currency which is the US dollar† (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2011). Below listed is Costco SWOT analysis on Appendix A. Sam’s Club strengths are much stronger based on the fact of its association with Wal Mart but causing weakness because of the same products can be found in Sam’s Club where members have to pay for a membership and the Wal Mart supercenters may have more products to choose from without membership fees. In the readings of Real Estate Dynamics in Broadlines Retail, â€Å"SAM’S has the greatest geographic breadth of the three players, but the least attractive real estate and demographics: SAM’S faces the least competition with other clubs given that over 60% of the markets in which it has a presence are single-player club markets, and almost 40% of its store base is in these markets† (Turf Wars, pg. 55). The opportunities that Sam’s Club is offering online products and services, since Wal Mart also does online purchases, this gives the companies a greater advantage with Ecommerce. One of the weaknesses that Sam Club faces is that not only does the products and services overlaps with Wal Mart but also with other wholesale warehouse such as Costco. Below Listed is the SWOT analysis of Sam’s Club on Appendix B. Recommendation The recommendations for further actions within the organizations and the rationale chosen would be to focus more on the competitors’ products and services and match it or beat it by a certain percentage. There are two main retail wholesalers which are Costco and Sam’s club, keep as is ensures they are on top and not being able to monopolize the business. With antitrust laws, an agreement between competitors, this prevents the monopoly of powers, certain restrictions on mergers, and not only does it protect the sellers but also the buyers as well (www.antitrustlaws.org). References: Costco Wholesale Corporation SWOT Analysis. (2012). Costco Wholesale Corporation SWOT Analysis, 1-9. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. DATAMONITOR: Costco Wholesale Corporation. (2011). Costco Wholesale Corporation SWOT Analysis, 1-10. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Ian Palmer. Managing Organizational Change, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, 2008. . John, M. (n.d).Costco to Open First South Carolina Store with Promotional Giveaway. Post And Courier, The (Charleston, SC), Retrieved from EBSCOhost. The Warehouse Club Industry. (2004). Black Book – Turf Wars: Real Estate Dynamics in Broadlines Retail, 55-81. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Retrieved from the internet: http://www.antitrustlaws.org/ http://www.freeswotanalysis.com/retailing-swot/225-sams-club-swot-analysis.html http://www.yousigma.com/comparativeanalysis/costcowholesaleswot.pdf

The Indian Slave Trade essays

The Indian Slave Trade essays My paper proposes to focus on the Indian slave trade in the colonial Southeast as a representative aspect of Anglo-Indian exchange relations generally. I am particularly interested in the years immediately preceding the Yamasee War against South Carolina, which erupted in 1715. The paper has two principal objectives in this regard. First, the paper seeks to analyze the forms of communication and cooperative action that provided the foundations for intercultural exchange. This demands that Anglo-Indian trade be viewed not simply as an economic transaction or even as an exercise in cultural accommodation and adaptation but as a form of continuing dialogue or discourse. In a previous article, published in the South Carolina Historical Magazine, I have already argued that the Indian slave trade was conducted in two phases, the first under Native American control and the second under English control. I would like to explore the mechanics of that cooperative process in more detail in my proposed paper and, equally important, begin linking the discourse that shaped the slave trade to other aspects of Anglo-Indian exchange. Second, the paper seeks to explore the aptness of current models for understanding Euro Indian relations in the South. Few southeastern scholars have attempted to apply Richard Whites Middle Ground approach to the study of Euro-Indian exchange in the colonial South. Similarly, Daniel Usners concept of a Frontier Exchange Economy, developed in his groundbreaking work Indians, Settlers, and Slaves has not been widely used beyond the Mississippi Valley region. By analyzing the Indian slave trade as a form of discourse and sharpening our focus of Euro-Indian interaction, the proposed paper hopes to re-examine the vocabulary of historical discourse as well. ...

The History and Legacy of Project Mercury

The History and Legacy of Project Mercury For people who were living in the 1950s and 1960s, the Space Race was an exciting time when people were venturing out from Earths surface and heading to the Moon, and hopefully beyond. It officially began when the Soviet Union beat the U.S. into space with the Sputnik mission in 1957 and with the first man into orbit in 1961. The U.S. scrambled to catch up, and the first human crews went to space as part of the Mercury program. The program goals were fairly simple, although the missions were quite challenging. Mission aims were to orbit a person in a spacecraft around Earth,  investigate a humans ability to function in space, and to recover both astronaut and spacecraft safely. It was a formidable challenge and it affected the scientific, technological, and educational establishments of both the U.S. and the Soviets. The Origins of Space Travel and the Mercury Program While the Space Race got started in 1957, it had roots much earlier in history. No one is exactly sure when humans first dreamed of space travel. Perhaps it began when  Johannes Kepler  wrote and published his  book Somnium. However, it wasnt until the middle of the 20th century that technology developed to the point where people could actually transform ideas about flight and rockets into hardware to achieve space flight. Initiated in 1958, completed in 1963, Project Mercury became the United Statess first man-in-space program. Creating the Mercury Missions After setting goals for the project, the newly formed NASA adopted guidelines for the technology that would be used in the space launch systems and crew capsules. The agency mandated that (wherever it was practical), existing technology and off-the-shelf equipment should be used. Engineers were required to take the simplest and most reliable approaches to system design. This meant that existing rockets would be used to take the capsules into orbit. Those rockets were based on captured designs from the Germans, who had designed and deployed them during World War II.   Finally, the agency set up a progressive and logical test program for the missions. The spacecraft had to be built tough enough to withstand a great deal of wear and tear during launch, flight, and return. It also had to have a reliable launch-escape system to separate the spacecraft and its crew from the launch vehicle in case of impending failure. This meant that the pilot had to have manual control of the craft, the spacecraft had to have a retrorocket system capable of reliably providing the necessary impulse to bring the spacecraft out of orbit, and its design would allow it to use drag braking for re-entry. The spacecraft also had to be able to withstand a water landing because, unlike the Russians, NASA planned to splash its capsules down in the ocean.   Although most of this was accomplished with off-the-shelf equipment or through the direct application of existing technology, two new technologies had to be developed. Those were an automatic blood-pressure measuring system for use in flight, and instruments to sense the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the oxygen atmosphere of the cabin and space suits. Mercurys Astronauts The Mercury program leaders decided that the military services would provide the pilots for this new endeavor. After screening more than 500 service records of test and fighter pilots in early 1959, 110 men were found that met the minimum standards. By the middle of April Americas first seven astronauts were selected, and they became known as the Mercury 7. They were Scott Carpenter,  L. Gordon Cooper,  John H. Glenn Jr.,  Virgil I. Gus Grissom,  Walter H. Wally Schirra Jr.,  Alan B. Shepard Jr., and  Donald K. Deke Slayton The Mercury Missions The Mercury Project consisted of several unmanned test missions as well as a number of missions taking pilots into space. The first one to fly was Freedom  7, carrying Alan B. Shepard into a suborbital flight,on May 5, 1961. He was followed by Virgil Grissom, who piloted the Liberty Bell 7 into a suborbital flight on July 21, 1961. The next Mercury mission flew on February 20, 1962, carrying John Glenn into a three-orbit flight aboard Friendship 7.  Following Glenns historic flight, astronaut Scott Carpenter rode Aurora 7 into orbit on May 24, 1962, followed by Wally Schirra aboard Sigma 7 on October 3, 1962. Schirras mission lasted six orbits. The final Mercury mission took Gordon Cooper into a 22-orbit track around Earth aboard Faith 7 on May 15-16, 1963. At the end of the Mercury era, with its technology proven, NASA prepared to move forward with the Gemini missions. These were planned as preparation for the Apollo missions to the Moon. The astronauts and ground teams for the Mercury missions proved that people could fly safely to space and return, and laid the groundwork for much of the technology and mission practices followed by NASA to this day.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.